Coronavirus Infection in Dogs
Canine coronavirus is one of the infectious causes of enteritis, or intestinal inflammation, in puppies and dogs. The first reported outbreaks of this disease came in the 1970’s. It is highly contagious between susceptible dogs but, fortunately, most dogs recover without complication. Because of this, it not generally considered a serious pathogen (infectious agent) of dogs.
Contributing Factors
Crowding of dogs, especially in unsanitary conditions, promotes spread of the virus between dogs.
Prevalence
It is considered a widespread disease. One study found that 70% of dogs in a selected population showed antibodies to coronavirus.
Causes/Transmission
Canine coronavirus is shed in the feces of susceptible dogs for two or more weeks. Ingestion of feces represents the main source of infection for susceptible dogs.
There are no breed predispositions for canine coronavirus. All ages may become infected; infection is most serious for newborn puppies.
Clinical Signs
The sudden onset of diarrhea is the main sign of intestinal coronavirus infection. Vomiting may be present but is inconsistent.
Diagnosis
A definitive diagnosis is not usually achieved because this requires electron microscopy of a stool sample. Signs are usually not severe enough to warrant the cost for this procedure. A presumptive diagnosis is adequate for dogs that respond to supportive care and improve in the expected time.
Treatment
Good supportive care consisting of intravenous fluids and electrolytes may be the only therapy needed. Young puppies or very debilitated animals may need additional treatments.
Prognosis
The prognosis is usually very favorable for a full recovery, although the diarrhea may persist for several weeks. Dogs who have a dual infection with coronavirus and parvovirus have a more guarded prognosis.
Transmission to Humans
The virus poses no health risk to humans.
Prevention
A vaccine is available and is included in many of the canine vaccines used by veterinarians. Dogs that should definitely receive this vaccine would include those that are frequently kenneled or groomed and those that participate in dog shows.
The vaccine is not considered 100% protective. There are a number of different strains of the coronavirus, and it is not possible to produce a vaccine that protects against every strain.
